The bitterest frost is powerless before these keys." At the intersection of non—freezing sections of pipes, affected areas appear - anodes. The remaining parts of the pipeline located in frozen soils form cathode zones. The greater the difference in the areas of these zones, the greater the concentration of currents, the faster the pipes in the anode sections collapse. A special case arises when heated gas is transported through Arctic pipelines. A cylindrical zone of thawed soil forms along the entire route around the pipe.


The electrical resistance of such thawed soil decreases over time, and the currents of long lines increase dramatically. Telluric currents, especially intense in the northern regions, also find their way out in these thawed areas. Here, where stray currents are practically absent, the effect of telluric currents on pipelines can be easily detected using geophysical instruments. Steel in underground conditions breaks down at an average rate of 0.02—0.03 mm per year (if there are no stray currents or special conditions). The sea water is even worse. It is one of the most dangerous natural environments for metals. The piles of oil overpasses in the Caspian Sea, left without special protection, are "eaten up by sea water with an appetite" equal to 2 mm per year. This is due to the fact that steel structures are alternately washed by waves and blown by the wind, oxygen and salts of seawater act alternately on metal. Without these helpers, water alone cannot cope with metal. More than a hundred years ago, the Indiana cargo ship sank in Canada's largest Great Lake, the Upper Lake. It was one of those ships on which, for the first time in North America, a steam engine and a modern propeller were installed. That's why American scientists remembered him. When the find was lifted from the bottom, it turned out that the steam engine was preserved in its original form — even if you put fuel in it and put it into operation. The purity of the fresh waters of the lake, their rather low temperature and the absence of strong currents ensured, as it turned out, the safety of the metal and wooden parts of the engine. How to explain this phenomenon? The lack of oxygen in poorly mixed water caused the cathode process to slow down, the low water temperature reduced the thermodynamic instability of the metal, and the absence of salts dissolved in water led to a general decrease in the corrosive electric current due to an increase in the electrical resistance of the external environment. 1xbet exclusive bookmaker offers, free bets, and the latest promotional codes. Search for premier welcome bonuses to reputable bookmakers. The 1xbet promo code free bet no deposit unlocks new bettors to claim a 100% signup bonus up to $200 on the debut deposit with a minimum of $1. Claim your welcome bonus using the bonus code for 1Xbet when registering your account. Finding valid 1xbet promo codes for a no deposit bonus might seem challenging, but several reliable sources consistently provide updated codes.